A new bose einstein condensate created at aalto university duration. Bose einstein condensation is a fundamental phenomenon of nature. At low temperatures, bosons behave differently from fermions which obey the fermidirac statistics in a way that an unlimited number of them can condense into the same energy state. Einstein generalized boses theory to an ideal gas of identical atoms or molecules for which the number of particles is conserved and, in the same year, predicted. Superfluid helium4 is a liquid rather than a gas, which means that the interactions between the atoms are relatively strong. The theory of real systems with boseeinstein condensate was advanced by bogolubov 16 who considered uniform weakly nonideal. Chapter 3 boseeinstein condensation of an ideal gas pdf 281kb. Moreover, quantitative theoretical predictions can be made for comparison with such experiments. Pdf boseeinstein condensation amber stuver academia.
This phase transition predicts a winnertakesall phenomena in complex networks and can be mathematically mapped to the mathematical model explaining boseeinstein condensation in physics. Boseeinstein condensation network theory wikipedia. Starting from the simplest case with onecomponent bec of the weakly interacting bosons, we study the reduction of gpe to lower dimensions, the ground states of bec including the existence and uniqueness as well as. Cambridge core condensed matter physics, nanoscience and mesoscopic physics universal themes of boseeinstein condensation edited by nick p. Bose einstein condensation of an ideal gas an ideal gas consisting of noninteracting bose particles is a. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases will be useful to newcomers to the field and will help researchers with diverse backgrounds communicate with each other. Boseeinstein condensation in 1, 2 and 3 dimensions for.
The phenomenological theory, on the other hand, carries little signature of its microscopic origin, but the theory has turned out to be eminently suitable to describe the physics of space and timedependent superconductivity. Boseeinstein condensate theory of deuteron fusion in metal. Kim department of physics purdue university west lafayette, indiana 47907, usa june 18, 2011 abstract generalized theory of boseeinstein condensation nuclear fusion. The subjects we will study in this chapter include an order parameter, spontaneous. Nevertheless, such a mathematical model provides the simplest example for the realization of bose einstein condensation. Boseeinstein condensation represents a new state of matter and is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, resulting in the 2001 nobel prize. Perhaps the most striking feature of quantum mechanical theory is the fact. Filled symbols show the average bls intensity proportional to the total density of the condensate. Bose einstein condensation theory gases materials science. Numerical analysis of boseeinstein condensation in a. Theory of bose einstein condensation in trapped gases. Microscopic theory of boseeinstein condensation of. It is an excellent text, a broad survey with some indepth discussions. Meanfield theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the condensation and the role of interactions between particles.
Pdf theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped. But in bose condensation, the wave nature of each atom is precisely in phase with that of every other. Einstein, 1924, 1925 was observed in 1995 in a remarkable series of experiments on vapors of rubidium anderson et al. Object eld equation of motion particle energy momentum wavelength dispersion relation optics atomic physics. Bose 1924 quantum statistical treatment of photons. K kelvin, coalesce into a single quantum mechanical entitythat is, one that can be described by a wave functionon a nearmacroscopic scale. Generalized theory of boseeinstein condensation nuclear. Boseeinstein condensation in this section we discuss the thermodynamic properties of the ideal bose gas. Related content bose einstein condensates boris b kadomtsev and mikhail b kadomtsevhamiltonian formalism for nonlinear waves v e zakharov and evgenii a.
Growth dynamics of a boseeinstein condensate in a dimple. Bose einstein condensation bec theory by einstein in 1925 based on the work by bose on photons in 1924 was finally observed in 1995 in lasercooled magnetically trapped ultracold bosonic atomic clouds with 3787 nuclei1. Mathematical theory and numerical methods for bose. Soon after, the bose einstein condensate bec idea is extended to the whole interior and the gravostar solution is discussed 21. Starting from the simplest case with onecomponent bec of the weakly interacting bosons, we study the reduction of gpe to lower dimensions, the. New light on old paradoxes the creation of bose einstein con. Analysis of some classical and quantum aspects of black.
Kim department of physics purdue university west lafayette, indiana 47907, usa june 18, 2011 abstract generalized theory of boseeinstein condensation nuclear fusion becnf is used to carry out. The rst theoretical description of boseeinstein condensation bec in an ideal gas dates from 1924, when einstein published his articles on the quantum the ory of an ideal gas. Starting from the simplest case with onecomponent bec of the weakly interacting bosons, we study the reduc. Providing a useful introduction to one of the most exciting field of physics today, this text will be of interest to a growing community of physicists, and is easily accessible to nonspecialists alike. Ketterle nobel lecture 2001 and his talk given at mits teachers program 240603. This apparently unusual property also gives rise to the special state of matter the bose einstein condensate. Pdf theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. The history of the bose einstein condensate bec is considered from einstein s original conception, to londons revival with respect to superfluid 4he and to an explanation of todays concept of the bec as a result of broken gauge. Development of boseeinstein condensate theory of deuteron fusion in metal is based upon a single hypothesis that deuterons in metal are mobile and hence are capable of forming bose einstein condensates. Pdf the theory of boseeinstein condensation of dilute gases. Pdf in 1924 bose introduced a counting rule for the states of a gas of photons which explained plancks law for thermal radiation at one stroke. The idea that manyparticle states might represent the right path toward a quantum mechanical description of selfgravitating systems. Wieman 1995 produced the rst gaseous condensate nobel price of physics 2001. A boseeinstein condensate bec is a state of matter which is typically formed when a gas of.
Boseeinstein condensation a state of matter in which atoms or particles are chilled to such low energies that they condense into a single quantum state. Bose einstein condensation remains, however, fundamental to. Quantum phase of a boseeinstein condensate with an. Open symbols show the relative depth of the spatial modulation of the bls. The theory of real systems with boseeinstein condensate was advanced by bogolubov 16 who considered uniform weakly nonideal lowtemperature bose gas. We consider the case of spinless bosons so there is no spin factor in the density of states of section 4. The theory of boseeinstein condensation of dilute gases. Quantummechanical waves extend across the sample of condensate and can be observed with the naked eye. Bose einstein condensation with neutral atoms, there was another possibility. Kim journal of condensed matter nuclear science 4 2011 188201. Intuitive picture of boseeinstein condensation bec. Extensions to nonuniform zerotemperature weakly interacting gas are due to gross 1719, ginzburg and.
Boseeinstein condensate bec, a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero 0 k. The book is meant to be introductory, but the authorsworld experts in transport phenomenaoffer sophisticated discussions of such nonequilibrium. Einstein 192425 extended bose s idea to material particles predicted bec in an ideal quantum gas. I acknowledge the use of materials and slides from w. Generalized theory of boseeinstein condensation nuclear fusion for hydrogenmetal system yeong e. Theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. It seems more plausible that the gravitons inside a black hole may be in a bose einstein condensate state than that everything inside a black hole is a boseeinstein condensate of gravitons. Universal themes of boseeinstein condensation edited by. It is thought to have played a part in the evolution of the early universe when the particles and forces formed, and the outer layers of a neutron star may well consist of a bec of exotic subatomic particles. Boseeinstein condensation in 1, 2 and 3 dimensions for massive and massless bosons in a box i.
The early experiments on bose einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases accomplished three longstanding goals. Though the theory said such states of matter should exist, it wasnt until 1995 that eric a. Extensions to nonuniform zerotemperature weakly interacting gas are due to gross 1719, ginzburg and pitaevskii 20, and pitaevskii 21. Massive bosons consider a gas of massive, noninteracting, nonrelativistic, identical, spin0 bosons. Could a black hole be a boseeinstein condensate of gravitons. Starting from the simplest case with bec of weakly interacting bosons, we study the reduction of gpe to lower dimensions. Fundamental concepts of boseeinstein condensation this chapter introduces several key features associated with the bose einstein condensation bec phase transition. Boseeinstein condensates are an ideal testing ground for quantum field theory in real time and at finite temperatures basic topics of great importance for diverse physics systems.